Zero voltage
pH meter
A pH meter is the instrument commonly used to measure pH values quickly and accurately. pH meters are electronic devices designed to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. They provide a numerical pH value based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution.
To use a pH meter:
Calibration: Before use, the pH meter needs to be calibrated using buffer solutions of known pH values.
Immersion: The electrode of the pH meter is immersed in the solution being tested.
Reading: The pH meter provides a reading on a digital display or analog scale, indicating the pH value of the solution.
pH meters are widely used in laboratories, industrial settings, and various fields where accurate pH measurements are essential. They offer a more precise and direct measurement compared to pH indicators or test strips, making them suitable for applications where high accuracy is required. Regular calibration and proper maintenance are crucial to ensure the accuracy of pH meter readings.
Soft water
The magnesium or calcium ions present in the hard water replaces the sodium or potassium ions present in the soap molecules (composed of fatty acids) and undergo a reaction to form an insoluble gelatinous curd-like substance called the scum. This reaction prevents the formation of lather with soap easily in case of hard water. Hence hard water with soap will not give lather easily. Soft water gives lather with soap easily.